For over a century Yiddish served as a major vehicle for expressing left-wing ideas and sensitivities. A language without country, an "ugly jargon" despised by assimilationist Jewish bourgeoisie and nationalist Zionists alike, it was embraced as genuine folk idiom by Jewish adherents of socialism and communism worldwide. Following the Holocaust, Yiddish was the primary language of education, culture and propaganda for millions of people on five continents...