During the high Middle Ages in Europe, the act of looking was surrounded by superstition. It was believed to have magic power, it was able to arouse anxiety, and it was the subject of lengthy texts by both men and women. In Visualizing Women in the Middle Ages, Madeline H. Caviness interrogates twentieth-century theories of the gaze and concedes that the "male gaze"--first articulated by Laura Mulvey and a cornerstone of much feminist criticism--is...