As a philosopher, Dante wedded classical methods of enquiry to a Christian faith. As an autobiographer, he looked at his own failures to depict universal moral struggles. As a visionary, he dared to draw maps of Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise and populate all three realms with recognizable human beings. As a lover, he became a poet of bereavement and renunciation. As all these things Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) paved the way for modern literature.