In Gilded Age America, Arctic explorers were fabulous celebrities--assured of riches and near-immortality so long as they reached the North Pole first. Of the many attempts to meet that goal, three American expeditions, launched from the Russian archipelago of Franz Josef Land, ended in abject failure, their exploits consigned to near-oblivion. Even so, these ventures--the Wellman expedition (1898-99), the Baldwin-Ziegler (1901-2), and the Fiala-Ziegler...
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