Part I: Classical Schur analysis.- Preliminaries.- Rational functions.- Schur analysis.- Part II: Quaternionic analysis.- Finite dimensional preliminaries.- Quaternionic functional analysis.- Slice hyperholomorphic functions.- Slice hyperholomorphic operator-valued functions.- Part III: Quaternionic Schur analysis.- Reproducing kernel spaces and realizations.- Rational slice hyperholomorphic functions.- First applications: scalar interpolation and...