Cyberwarfare--like the seismic shift of policy with nuclear warfare--is modifying warfare into non-war warfare. A few distinctive characteristics of cyberwar emerge and blur the distinction between adversary and ally. Cyber probes continuously occur between allies and enemies alike, causing cyberespionage to merge with warfare. Espionage--as old as war itself--has technologically merged with acts of cyberwar as states threaten each other with prepositioned...