In various contexts of topology, algebraic geometry, and algebra (e.g. group representations), one meets the following situation. One has two contravariant functors K and A from a certain category to the category of rings, and a natural transformation p: K--+A of contravariant functors. The Chern character being the central exam- ple, we call the homomorphisms Px: K(X)--+ A(X) characters. Given f: X--+ Y, we denote the pull-back homomorphisms by and...