At the Council of Clermont in 1095, Pope Urban II (d. 1099) launched the endeavor that became known as the First Crusade. Roman Catholics from Europe joined this campaign and set up European-style states in the Levant by 1099. These events marked the first large-scale encounter between European Christians and Muslims-an encounter that extended over several hundred years as both parties struggled to gain or regain control over the region. About ten...
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