In 1571, half a century after the discovery of the Philippines by Ferdinand Magellan, Manila was founded by the Spanish on the site of the Malay settlement of Maynila. Situated in a magnificent bay and at a strategic point between the Pasig River and the sea, Manila quickly became important as the oriental entrepot of the Galleon Trade and the Spanish dominions in the Americas. The Spaniards fortified Manila with walls, moats and fortifications, and...