Introduction: A Brief History of Biphasic Catalysis.- The Importance of Biphasic Catalysis.- The Alternatives to Aqueous-Organic Biphasic Processes.- Key Developments in the Chemistry of Ionic Liquids.- General Properties of Ionic Liquids that Lend Themselves to Catalysis.-References.- Ionic Liquids - Properties and Preparation: Introduction.- Composition and Physical Properties of Ionic Liquids.- Synthesis of Ionic Liquids.- Functionalised Ionic...