English summary: The social-role playing of courtly culture in the early modern period was based on the art of the mask. In the beginning of the 16th century a theory of "uomo universlae" (the "universal man") was formulated and an aesthetic of the (beautiful) appearance was implemented in political and social practices, which, is visible in the social reality through the wide-ranging culture of the mask, masquerade, and pretense. Literature,...