Historians of political thought have argued that the real Machiavelli is the republican thinker and theorist of civic virt . Machiavellian Rhetoric argues in contrast that Renaissance readers were right to see Machiavelli as a Machiavel, a figure of force and fraud, rhetorical cunning and deception. Taking the rhetorical Machiavel as a point of departure, Victoria Kahn argues that this figure is not simply the result of a na ve misreading of Machiavelli...