In 1913, the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston admitted its first patient, Mary Agnes Turner, who suffered from varicose veins in her legs. The surgical treatment she received, under ether anesthesia, was the most advanced available at the time. At the same hospital fifty years later, Nicholas Tilney--then a second-year resident--assisted in the repair of a large aortic aneurysm. The cutting-edge diagnostic tools he used to evaluate the patient's...