The term "holon" was ?rst introduced by Koestler (Koestler, 1967) to c- ture the idea that both biological and social structures consisted of entities that were part of a larger whole, while being self-contained entities in their own right. These entities were called holons and the structures that they form werecalled holarchies. Inthisbook, wepresentaconceptualmodelforholonic manufacturing execution and then use this model to develop two implem-...