The history of what has come to be known as Twelver Shīʿī slam is a history of attempts to deal with the abrupt loss of the Imam. In Encounters with the Hidden Imam in Early and Pre- Modern Twelver Shīʿī Islam, Omid Ghaemmaghami demonstrates that in the early years of the so-called Greater Occultation, Shīʿī authorities maintained that all contact with the Imam had been sundered, forcing him to remain...