Smallholder zero-grazing units have uniquely varied non-standardized management practices that predispose dairy cows to laminitis and laminitis-related claw disorders. Some of the claw disorders are not initially noticeable because they do not cause immediate lameness. Nevertheless, they may gradually cause irreversible changes on claw health, which ultimately lead to low productivity and culling of the dairy cow. The claw disorders are comprehensively...