In his youth, R. Saadia Gaon (882-942 CE) dreamed of publishing a new translation of the Torah for Arabic-speaking Jews to replace the overly literal ones in vogue at the time. It would be a proper translation, conforming to the tenets of both traditional Judaism and contemporary philosophy--not to mention the canons of Arabic grammar and style. Saadia's interest in this project was not purely academic. Rabbinic Judaism was under attack from Karaite...