β- Lactam antibiotics, in particular penicillins and cephalosporins have the annual sales of 65% of the total antibiotics market. Therefore the annual expenditure of penicillin G acylase (PGA) is estimated to be in the range of 10-30 million tons. PGA immobilization preparations (both enzyme and cells) to successfully produce 10,000 tons of total 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) provide a novel direction to the antibiotics industries promoting...